Swot Analysis A Swot - 777 Words

A SWOT analysis guides you to identify your organization’s strengths and weaknesses (S-W), as well as broader opportunities and threats (O-T). Developing a fuller awareness of the situation helps with both strategic planning and decision-making. â€Å"It is an analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or in a business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are favorable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. SWOT is a tool to help evaluate your strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with a specific opportunity of interest, such as a job, Completing a SWOT Analysis will help you focus your job search. SWOT is composed of four quadrant categories, which are: Strengths - In a SWOT analysis, strengths describe the core competencies of a business, strategic factors that may make a certain project more likely to succeed and areas where the business may have advantages over other similar businesses. For example, if an established cereal company plans to launch a new product, brand recognition might be listed as strength. Businesses that are aware of their strengths are better able to improve and exploit them to their advantage. Weaknesses - Weaknesses are things that can make a certain project less likely to succeed and areas where a company is particularly lacking.Show MoreRelatedSwot Analysis Of Swot And Swot Analysis738 Words   |  3 Pagesknown as SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis is business analysis method that business can use for each of its department when deciding on the most perfect way to increase their business and future growth. This procedure identifies the internal and external strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats that are in the markets. SWOT analysis helps you decide your position against your competitors, identifies best future opportunities, and highlight current and future threats. SWOT analysis is an acronymRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Swot Analysis : Swot1223 Words   |  5 PagesOnStar – SWOT Analysis To help OnStar determine if home monitoring services should be added to its list of products and services, a SWOT analysis should be completed. A SWOT analysis is a situation analysis or tool used to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization (SWOT Analysis Definition | Investopedia, 2005). Thus, it is a basic straightforward model that determines what an organization, like OnStar, can and cannot do, as well as determines its opportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot2320 Words   |  10 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the company’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis, which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selectedRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Swot Analysis : Swot911 Words   |  4 Pages SWOT Analysis In the article â€Å"SWOT analysis† Harmon (2015) offered a definition for SWOT analysis, the purpose of the SWOT analysis, the advantages of performing a SWOT analysis, and outlined and discussed the four components of the SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is a planning and brainstorming tool that helps people evaluate an idea or project for a business or formulate a business plan (Harmon, 2015). It should be noted that SWOT analysis is an acronym for Strengths, Weaknesses, OpportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1081 Words   |  5 PagesSWOT Analysis: A SWOT analysis (SWOT matrix) first used by Stanford Research Institute during 1960-1970 and it was presented by Mr. Albert S. Humphrey a American business and management consultant by using data from fortune 500 companies. We can succeed in our life if we use our talents to our full extent. Similarly, we‘ll have some problems if we know our weakness are, and if we manage these weaknesses so that we don’t matter in the work we do. To understand more about our self and our externalRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1371 Words   |  6 Pages SWOT analysis is valuable in understanding and revising the position of the company before decisions are made about company direction or the application of a new business idea. PEST is a tool to assess external factors. It is useful to complete a PEST analysis before a SWOT, although it may be more useful to complete a PEST analysis during, or after, a SWOT. SWOT and PEST are vital in determining the success of a business. SWOT analysis is a form of situational analysis in which internal strengthsRead MoreSwot Analysis : Swot And Swot1957 Words   |  8 PagesSWOT analysis focuses on the internal factors which are the company’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the opportunities and threats which are gained from situational analysis which focuses on summarizing all the pertinent information acquired about the key three environments of internal, customer, and external (Ferrell Hartline, 2014, p. 39). A SWOT analysis further gives a company precise advantages and disadvantages in satisfying the needs of its selected marketsRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot1708 Words   |  7 Pages A SWOT analysis is â€Å"a structured planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture.†(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT analysis, 03/11/14). A swot analysis can also be used to examine a person’s attributes. The strengths and weaknesses usually are internal factors whereas threats and opportunities are mainly external. Advantage Disadvantage Internal Strengths 1. Self-motivated 2. I am organised; accurate and pay attentionRead MoreSwot Analysis : A Swot852 Words   |  4 PagesStrength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, commonly known as a SWOT analysis is used by businesses. Organizations use the SWOT analysis technique to figure out and understand their areas of strong suits (strengths), their inevitable flaws (weaknesses), prospects that the organization could look into (opportunities) and things that pose as intimidations to the organization (threats). There are many obstacles to overcome when it comes to international expansion. Obstacles such as; language andRead MoreSwot Analysis : The Swot1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe SWOT analysis, a strategic planning tool was developed by Albert Humphrey in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Albert is said to have come up with this strategic planning tool through the use of data the Fortune 500 companies in the United States of America at that time (Lancaster Massingham, 2011). A SWOT analysis determine s the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, which are a relevant part of any organization especially the ones that get involved in new ventures. This tool assists the users

Essay on Marriage and Family Free Essays

â€Å"Fear comes from uncertainty. When we are absolutely certain, whether of our worth or worthlessness, we are almost impervious to fear.† — William Congreve For as long as I can remember, my purpose has been to get married and raise a family with someone I love. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Marriage and Family or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of my biggest fears is never getting married or accomplishing some of my life goals. When I was younger getting married used to be just something that all people did, almost like a checklist. I would hear people say † I can not wait till I get married† or † When you get married†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The older I get I see that it is not as pure and ideal as I thought. I have watched people, close to me, get married and, ironically, I know even more people who have gotten a divorce. Marriages have been torn apart because of infidelity, abuse, and/or lack of communication. Through the course of my existence, I have been conditioned to believe that romance and relationships are like books and movies, but as I got older I realized that it is not like that in actual life. When i was in the fifth grade i watched my 3 best friends parents all get divorced. It was horrible. one of them had to stay with me for almost 2 months because of the situation at home. Ever since then I have been afraid my marriage would not work out or i just would never get married. Seeing the effect divorce had on my friends and their family made my heart hurt. i felt so bad for them. One thing i knew for sure is i did not want it to happen to me. Marriage is a very challenging factor, but you have to select the proper person, and be aware of that you choose to spend the rest of your life with them. It terrifies me that a lot of them end in divorces, and that it can break your whole family apart. I wanted desperately to be loved unconditionally by someone, but I on occasion experience like I am not good enough, which causes me to push people away. The thought of marriage is coveted by most people, but legally a marriage is simply a piece of paper binding two humans together by the law. I believe, however, that the fear of marriage, not finding anyone, and the concern of living an unfulfilled existence is without a doubt what is stopping people from accomplishing it. When you are living your life to the fullest and not relying on anyone for your happiness, you automatically entice good people and situations. If you let go of the worry of now not finding someone, and you stop placing your value outside of yourself, you will no longer experience the need to find any one to love you.You will already love and value your self in every way. You will simply attract someone who provides greater love into your life. You will find someone to fill it with more joy, laughter and super experiences. Every day I attempt to live my life to the fullest and attempt to be positive and joyful all the time. It is a great deal harder than you think. You in no way know what is going to happen tomorrow, so I attempt to live in the moment through not taking time for granted. I appreciate the small things whilst striving to be the best person I can be. Even if the day is bad, I have learned no longer to stress the negatives, and focus on the right things. If I go through life questioning that I will never get married or attain any of my goals, they will turn out to be a lot harder. I have now realized that I cant have any expectations when it comes to marriage, however I need to strive to make the best of my life. I should not be concerned about these conditions or decisions now, as I am still young and believe that the proper person will come into my life. Being scared of marriage is not necessary right now and I believe I will be fine in discovering the right person to get married to. How to cite Essay on Marriage and Family, Essays

Roles and Features of Internet of Things-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the roles and the features of Internet of Things. Answer: Introduction Internet of things is a new technology that has been developed by the combination of internet and sensors. Yang cited that Internet of things has been a creating a bridge between the virtual world and the real world and this connection is really helping the modern technology to become more advanced (Yang, 2014, p. 260). Internet of thing provides the new generation many features and technologies with the help of wireless communication and with the application of sensors. In this report a vehicle simulation project is discussed as it utilizes Internet of Things. The issues related to this project are discussed to understand the features and importance of the system of Internet of things. Internet of Things (IoT) Internet of things sets the platform that makes a connection between the Internet and the electronics. The combination of the embedded system and the internet makes health, transportation and other facilities more advanced. Smart cities, smart grid and smart cars are the product of the application of Internet of things (Wortmann Flchter, 2015, p. 220). Internet of things is consisted of different sensors, actuators, hardware and software. Vehicle Simulation Project utilising IoT Internet of Things can be implemented in the cars to make those more advanced. In the world of Internet a car can be easily connected to the networking system through either Bluetooth or smart phones and thus it can access information from the global internet source (Chandrakanth et al., 2014, p. 15). With the application of different sensor a car can sense the outside temperature and humidity (Gubbi et al., 2013, p. 1655). The map of the road and the information about the traffic are easily available from the GPS used in the car. If there is any sudden temperature or pressure change in the system of the car, then it can also sense the upcoming dangers in the car. Thus it can proactively detect the problems from engine coolant temperature or oxygen sensor reading (Xu, He, Li, 2014, p. 2240). The IoT system is also useful to get the possible idea about the traffic of a city by receiving the information from the cars regarding its speed. The cars can also use the cloud computing in ca se of data analysis regarding the road map and other facilities. With the help of IoT a car can also find the petrol pumps or repairing centres near its position. With the application of different sensors and embedded system the possibility of accident can be reduces to some extent (Wortmann, Flchter, 2015, p. 220). With the help of the proximity sensor the cars can easily identify the movement of another object near it and also the information about the acceleration and the speed of the object near it. Sensors can also be used for finding the parking area of the cars by using the proximity sensors and ultrasonic sensors. Another important impact of IoT is that the sensors can be used to find the amount of pollutants extracting from the car. By the measurement of the pollution and from the records of the pollution index of the cars, pollution can be decreased to a large extent (Yang, 2014, p. 260). Thus the internet of Things has lots of scope in advancing the transport system. Int ernet of Things gradually leads us to a new era of smart cars that can have artificial intelligence. Various components of IoT Physical Objects Sensors Actuators Virtual Objects People Services Processing big data Design and run innovative applications Integration of data to optimize business processes Platforms Access to devices Ensuring proper installation Data analytics Interoperable connection to local network, cloud or other devices Networks Advantages and role of IoT in modern world There are many advantages of using Internet of Things. Internet of things brings a new era in terms of connectivity. Distances have come to very close with the help of internet and other devices. The communication with the help of GPS has created a new direction to the transportation (Gubbi et al., 2013, p. 1660). Automation is a new field on which various works and projects are going on. IoT is enabling the automation to many fields like healthy, transportation and many more. Artificial intelligence is also growing very fast with the help of Internet of Things. Other important products of Internet of things are smart city, smart traffic control and electronic toll collection (Zanella et al., 2014, p. 30). In health and medical research IoT has created a new revolution with the introduction of new bio-medical instruments. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be understood that Internet of Things can be implemented in different sectors like transport, energy savings, and security of information, health and housing appliances. With the help of different sensors and access of the Internet the IoT is a package that can be utilized to make smart city, smart traffic control and electronic toll collection. In this report a vehicle simulating project is discussed from the perspective of utilizing the Internet of Things in that project. References Chandrakanth, S., Venkatesh, K., Uma Mahesh, J., Naganjaneyulu, K. V. (2014). Internet of things.International Journal of Innovations Advancement in Computer Science,3(8), 16-20. Da Xu, L., He, W., Li, S. (2014). Internet of things in industries: A survey. IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics, 10(4), 2233-2243. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S., Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions.Future generation computer systems,29(7), 1645-1660. Wortmann, F., Flchter, K. (2015). Internet of things.Business Information Systems Engineering,57(3), 221-224. Yang, S. H. (2014). Internet of things. InWireless Sensor Networks(pp. 247-261). Springer London. Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities.IEEE Internet of Things journal,1(1), 22-32.

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Essays (1314 words) - Medicine, Plague, Health

THE BUBONIC PLAGUE THE BUBONIC PLAGUE Plague, was a term that was used in the Middle Ages to describe all fatal epidemic diseases, but now it is only applied to an infectious, contagious disease of rodents and humans. In humans, plague occurs in three forms: bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague. The best known form is the bubonic plague and it is named after buboes, or enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes, which are characteristics of the plague in the groin or neck or armpit. Bubonic plague can only be transmitted by the bite of any of numerous insects that are normally parasitic on rodents and that seek new hosts when the original host dies. If the plague is left untreated it is fatal in thirty to seventy five percent of all cases. Mortality in treated cases is only five to ten percent. The origin of the bubonic plague is unknown but it may have started in Africa or India. Colonies of infected rats were established in Northern India, many years ago. Some of these rodents had infected traders on the route between the Middle East and China. After 1330 the plague had invaded China. From China it was transferred westward by traders and Mongol armies in the 14th century. While these traders were travelling westward they followed a more northerly route through the grasslands of what is now Russia, establishing a vast infected rodent population there. In 1346 the disease reached Crimea and found its way to Europe in 1347. The outbreak in Europe was a devastating one, which resulted in more than 25 million deaths-about twenty five percent of the continent's whole population. After that the plague reappeared in many European cities until the early 18th century, when it suddenly stopped there. No explanation has ever been given for the plague's rapid disappearance. The first symptoms of the bubonic plague are headache, vomiting, nausea, aching joints and a feeling of ill health. The lymph nodes of the groin or of the armpit or neck suddenly start to become swollen and painful. The pulse and respiration rate of a bubonic plague victim is increased, and the victim will become listless and exhausted. The buboes will swell until they are approximately the size of a chicken egg. If a case is nonfatal than the temperature will begin to fall in about five days, and returnt to normal in about two weeks, but in fatal cases death will probably occur within four days. Yersinia Pestis, an infectious, round and rod shaped agent is the cause of the Bubonic Plague. Yersina Pestis is a bacteria, which means the cells lack the internal organization of eukaryotic cells. These bacteria cells would contain the membrane but they would not be able to subdivide the inside of the cell. These bacteria cells do not have a nucleus so instead they have a nucleiod that contains genetic material. The two types of bacteria cells are gram-negative and gram-positive. Yersina Pestis is gram negative and that means that antibiotics are less effective on the plague because of a lipopolysaccharide layer over their walls that adds extra protection. The bubonic plague has a major impact on the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs and circulating lymphocytes. Plague victims tend to have large bumps on their bodies which are called "buboes". These are actually swollen lymph nodes filled with puss. The spread of the infection causes the lymph nodes to become hard and painful. The lymph nodes are heavily concentrated in the neck, armpits, and groin. When a person becomes ill these areas will begin to swell because the body needs to make a vast amount of white blood cells to fight off whatever pathogen has entered the body. Many preventive measures can be used to reduce the spread of the plague (sanitation, killing of rats, prevention in transport of rats). Individuals who contract the disease are isolated, fed fluids and put to bed. During World War II, scientists using sulfa drugs were able to produce cures of plague. Since it is a bacteria, the bubonic plague can be treated with antibiotics. Tetracyline, Streptomycin, and Chloramphenicol are three of the antibiotics used to prevent plague. Sometimes, they are even mixed together. The plague can almost always be cured when it is recognized fast enough. Since the late 19th century bubonic plague vaccinations have been in use. There is a vaccine that can be taken in a six to month installment period, but there is a element of risk to this vaccination. This vaccination has been proven to be ineffective with people younger

Carotid Vertebral Artery Dissection Essay Essay Example

Carotid Vertebral Artery Dissection Essay Essay Example Carotid Vertebral Artery Dissection Essay Essay Carotid Vertebral Artery Dissection Essay Essay one to find force, and one to find mass . These are e equations Chambers 3 needed in order for these roller coasters to be built, if not there would be a w hole lot more deaths and amusement parks and roller coaster architects would lose millions and millions of dollars. We all know the basic designs and overall look of roller coasters. Big wooden steel structures with coaster cars that has big drops and thrills. I have research heed the different types of roller coasters and discovered that there were 8 different SST rescuers. Nowadays here in 2013, there are 3054 steel structured reallocates and 17 3 wooden structured reallocates. The 8 different reallocates Structures that exist AR e Shutdown, StandUp, Inverted, Suspended, Pipeline, Bobsled, Flying, and Fourth Dimensions n. The most common basic types of roller coasters are Shutdown, Standup, Inverted, and Suspended. These are pretty much the basic designs for most r leer coasters today. The more complex reallocates are Pipeline, Bobsled, Flying, and last UT not least Fourth Dimension. These kind of roller coasters are very unique and they can easily cause a lot of different injuries if they are not engineered precisely and effectively. They all are very different in the way they move and their structure sees. The Pipeline roller coaster is when riders are positioned between the rails, not bell owe or above. The bobsled roller coaster is designed to be like a bobsled run, the co aster car runs freely through a trough. A flying roller coaster rides parallel to the track. The fourth dimension roller coaster IS a reallocates with cars that spin on a horizontal a Although there are mechanical engineers and architects that specialize in make all roller coasters as safe as possible, there are still some horrific and traumatic accidents each year. A vast majority of these Ann al injuries come from the air cantonal Chambers 4 decisions made by people both riding and waiting. Thats why they constantly repeat the rules so, it would be your fault if you dont abide by them. Some roller coaster injury that has happened in 2009, is at Blackball Pleasure Beach in Blackball, England, when two roller coaster cars collided on the Big Dipper leer coaster, leaving 21 people with injuries including whiplash, broken bone back injuries. It was a sit down type of roller coaster. Another one is,at Knots Farm in Buena Park, California, a earldom boy and his father were injured o n the Accelerator roller coaster when a cable that launches the rides trains broke AP art. The cable sliced through the calf of the boys left leg. The boys father was treated for back injuries. This also is a sit down type of roller coaster. Another one is a arrear old man died after he was rushed to a hospital with breathing problems he suffered o Firework roller coaster at Kings Island theme park in Mason, Ohio. Park work errs noticed that the man was having trouble breathing when his train returned to the loading station and called for an ambulance. This is a flying type of roller coaster. That means as you ride the roller coaster your body and also the roller coaster car is Para As you see most of these roller coasters are sit down, loadstones type of roll coasters. They malfunction because they are older than most For example, the e Big dipper its a wooden coaster so it is older and it would be easier for something to go rang with it because it take more care and more time and effort, which is so meeting that most amusement park dont do. Now the Big Dipper at Blackball pleasure Beach in Blackball, England, with t he height of 65 Ft, a drop of 50 Ft, a length of 3300 Ft, a speed of MPH, a duration n of 2 Chambers 5 minutes and 28 seconds, a goofier of 3. 7, and a Max vertical angle of 460. Ad incident where two roller coaster cars collided. Some tourist said that one of he trains stopped moving on the track and the other train, which was moving at some peed, crashed into it. The collision left both trains stuck on the track. One was boo 20 feet off the ground and the other came close to the ground. A rescue team evacuee, Ted the riders using stretchers and spinal boards. Ambulances took the passengers to hospitals for treatment. Most were releas e De after they received treatment for harmless or minor injuries. One Of the victim ms was sent to have to undergo facial surgery. Thirty people were aboard the ride at t e time of the accident. The Big Dipper, a wooden roller coaster, opened in 1923. The rill shutdown type of roller coaster and it caused the injuries because of the wear ND tear of the roller coaster. The track got old and the chains got very weak which scuffs d for the roller coaster cars to suddenly stop. The chains gave out when trying to haul II the weight of an car thats hundreds of pounds. There are many ways that these incidents could be avoided. For example, the Big Dipper accident couldve been avoided if the workers at the park maintain De and kept the roller coaster steady and in good shape. The roller coaster engineer: could come back every 5 to 10 years to look at the roller coasters and to check if it i still in shape. They also could of got the roller coaster refurbished every 20 years. TTL is can cake sure that there is no problems or no complications to put people lives n danger. The ways they could refurbish the roller coaster is by switching out the chain restoring the wood, modifying the roller coaster cars to a more smooth and e effective Chambers 6 moving attraction, replacing the metal on the tracks, tightening the screws an d bolts on the restraints, replacing the wheels, and last but not least the engineers of the roller coaster should come and put up some huge guardrails to hinder the cars if the eye collide, to keep the coaster cars on the track to be able to stop them from falling oft he tracks. This also was an accident due to faulty design because of the fact that they collided. They designed the coaster to be able to make 2 roller coasters ride a t the same time, this was the main problem. Thats why when to first roller coaster stopped, the other roller coaster came not far behind and collided with the other coast prevent this they should time the intervals better than how the did because, if they had the intervals time perfectly, they definitely would not have any problems to FAA CE because everything that could happen would already be anticipated. The injury i was given fro my project is Carotid and Vertebral artery dissection They are similar but, they have a few differences. For example, vertebral rater dissection is a tear and the Carotid artery dissection is a separation. Basically, they both deal with the neck and brain, and the both cause less blood. A carotid artery section is a separation of layers of the artery wall which supplies blood to the brain. It is one of the leading causes of strokes in young people. Symptoms include headaches, neck and face pains (especially pain around the eyes), vision disturbances such as Dobb lee vision or a droopy eyelid, a sudden decrease in sense of taste and weakness on one did of the body. A vertebral artery dissection is a flap like tear which is located in the vertebral artery (neck). It is also what supplies blood to the head. When the tear OCCUrs it starts to create blood clots, which can cause the artery wall to thicken and eventually c cause the Chambers 7 blood flow in the head to slow down. This can easily cause the person to have a blackout because of the lack of oxygen and blood to the brain. The symptoms of this includes head and neck pain, and it also causes stroke symptoms such as, difficulty speaking, impaired coordination, and visual loss. You can test these injuries not by only roller coasters and various rides but also by DOI Eng simple everyday activities such as, cracking your neck, playing sports, riding your bike , yoga, various dancing moves, aggressive sexual intercourse and doing exercises like e running on a treadmill, lifting weights, and using the exercise bikes. This shows us that we dont have to do extreme things to get near death injuries. Just simple everyday cacti pities can be potentially dangerous just like riding roller coasters, horseback riding, or m mountain climbing. Certain medical conditions such as Merman syndrome, a genetic con active tissue disease, can put individuals at risk for developing carotid artery dissects Carotid artery dissection in these patients is called spontaneous, because it occurs without trauma to the head or neck. Now, Im going to use different case studies to show you an example of how people can get Carotid and Vertebral artery dissections and what they did to t retreat them and care for them to live. The case I am using is about a woman with no sign vacant medical history who developed dissections of both carotid and both vertebral arteries,after a roller coaster ride. The roadside woman developed rightists neck pain followed by a front headache immediately after a roller coaster ride. Five days after the incident happened, she developed complete loss of vision in her right eye for two Chambers 8 hours straight. Following that the vision improved but remained significantly decreased. Whew she went to the doctor, her vision was 20/200 in the right and 20/20 in the left eye. Her neurological exam was normal. The cerebral x ray showed both internal carotid d and vertebral artery dissections. The woman remained stable with conservative the repay without further worsening vision or any new neurological damages. Outgo sees for arterial dissections are usually favorable, but early diagnosis is critical for knit action of appropriate treatment of possible complications. Physicians must know when patients say they have any headache or neck pain triggered by violent motion after leis ere activities such as roller coaster rides, it could be an artery dissection. This was perfect example of Carotid and Vertebral artery dissection. It shows that they both are nothing to easily treat or get over. If these injuries dont get treated soon one ugh it can lead to an even worse injury or even death. They must be treated and it take t me and patience to heal. The engineers use a lot of physics to make calculations of how safe the roller coaster will be. Thats why it take the builders almost 2 or 3 months to build the sees massive roller coaster tracks. It is basically like a trial and error type of thing, t hey test drive the roller coaster cars on the track over and over. The engineers that AR e there they record every single detail about the roller coaster and the track. The call elate the mass, gravity, acceleration, velocity, and all other aspects and data of the roller r coaster. Once they test drive them and record all the data, they go and do the math. T hey do the formulas to calculate the goofier to make sure they are not harmful, they call Chambers 9 outside forces, the centripetal force, and all variables that may be able to fee actor interfere with the roller coaster. They also take into hand the work, the friction n, the potential energy moments and the kinetic energy moments. There are a good amount of rules and regulations that should be put into cacti because they will definitely change these amusement parks for good. First off they should have to change the head and neck restraints on the roller coaster cars every 5 years. The wear and tear damage cause them to be redundant and not able t o serve their purpose. Second, they should have tighter restraints on roller coasters b cause when they get older and used a lot over the years, the bolts and screws can e easily become loose and lead to a restraint opening during the ride. Rules for the ro Leer coasters should be more enforced because majority of the case studies I read have to do with people not following the rules set by the engineers and creators of the e ride. The rule keep your head erect should be enforced a lot because when you dont k pep your eek straight you are more prone to injury and you wont have any support to keep your neck from getting hurt. There is always going to be the basic, common rules you have to always follow w such as obeying the listed age, height, weight, and health restrictions, observing all o the posted ride safety rules, keeping both your hands, arms, legs and feet ins did the ride at all times, remaining seated during the ride until it comes to a complete e stop and you are instructed to exit, following all verbal instructions given by ride opera torso or said Chambers 10 by recorded announcements, always using the safety equipment that is Provo De and never attempting to wriggle free of or loosen restraints or other safety device s, making sure that parents that have young children should make sure that their child en can understand the safe and appropriate ride behavior, never forcing anyone, esp. Cecilia children, to ride the attractions they dont want to ride , and last but not least, if you see any unsafe behavior or condition on a ride, report it to a supervisor or manage immediately. All these rules has kept roller coasters safe and fun at amuse NT parks for years. Most of these rules are basically regular procedures to tell the group of riders that are riding because it makes the people that own the roller coaster park o amusement park not as liable for the injuries of the death. Also, they use these e roller coaster rules because if they dont show their roller coaster rules and warning s, they can get in trouble with the roller coaster inspectors and the roller coaster ass occasions. Many people think roller coasters are dangerous and you can die from them easily but there are actually built to be safe for the people to enjoy.

Advantages Of Human Resource Planning Business Essay

Advantages Of Human Resource Planning Business Essay Human resource planning is really important that without this all planning will finally end up as a mere guess work. Even if the predictions or forecast is not always successful, it is still needed because the forecasts can be quite useful which will give a basis. Upon this basis it is able to avoid ad hoc problems to an extent. Therefore human resource planning should be articulated along with the organisational planning. A dearth of particular category of employee or particular kind skills will affect the organisation in achieving its goals. Rapid changes in technology, marketing, management etc., will result in need of particular category an skilled persons. Changes within an organization in its design and structure will affect manpower demand. Demographic changes like the altering profile of the manpower in terms of age, sex, education etc. The Government policies in regard to reservation, child labour, working conditions etc. Different labour laws affecting the demand and suppl y of labour. Pressure from trade unions, politicians etc. Advantages of Human Resource Planning: Human Resources Planning (HRP) expects not just the needed quality and quantity of employees instead decide the accomplish plan for all the occasions of human resource management .The major advantages of Human resource planning are: It assures the corporate plan of the firm. The HRP elucidates doubts and alters to the upper limit potential and enables the organization to have right kind of people at right time in right place. It allows background for progress and growth of employees through training, development etc. It aids in anticipating the cost of salary increasing, improved benefits etc. It also helps to predict the cost of pay offs, incentives and all other cost of human resources which facilitates the formulation of budgets in an organization. To forecast the changes in abilities, aptitude and attitude of personnel. It results in the advancement of different origins of human reso urces to encounter the organizational goals and objectives. It also aids in taking measures to amend human resource shares in the form of enhanced output ,business turnover etc It facilities the control of all the functions, operations, contribution and cost of human resources Planning as an organisational business strategy: Planning process in a strategic way is often accomplished by networking with in and outside the organisation. The focus is therefore on strengthening the networking with the internal human resource professionals and external human resource persons which will be rooted in sharing information, technology, tools necessary for planning and development of personnel. The outcome depends on effective implementation of the developed tools and resources needed. Out of these a sustainable and feasible strategy has to be formulated. The most important thing to be noted here is that the strategy formulated should be articulated with the overall business strategy of the orga nisation. For this they will consult different human resource managers and all the line managers in the organisation. In order to ensure highest possible utilization of the tools they will work in close conjunction with the managers. This will be aimed in creating a sound personnel data base and tools for the line managers.

Post Psrtum Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Post Psrtum Depression - Essay Example When the intimate partner is violent, especially during the period after childbirth, during which the women’s body is naturally undergoing several hormonal changes, women are more prone to feeling depressed and this in turn will have a negative impact on the growth and development of the child. In such cases it is necessary to offer counseling services both to the women and their spouses in order to ease their relationship and enable them to bring up their children in a healthy atmosphere. In the recent years the pediatric community has introduced screening of women with post-partum depression for any incidence of violence in the household. These sessions are to enable women to openly voice their problems and receive counseling from their doctors. An example of such a study is included in the article in which African American mothers were the major participant. The study revealed that one in 14 mothers who were suffering from post-partum depression were in a violent relationsh ip. It also found that those who were in a violent relationship were at a higher risk of developing depression. Children are exposed to violence right from a young age are more likely to suffer from health and developmental problems compared to children brought up in a healthy and normal household. In addition to their health, the emotional well-being of the child is also affected which could have serious consequences during their later growing years. How can these mothers be helped through post-partum depression and be relieved of its symptoms? As a possible solution the study has identified the need for psychiatric services that could be provided to the parents concerned as well as their families as it is vital to provide maximum comfort to the mother especially for the sake of the infant and other siblings. Several pediatric clinics are offering these services in the recent past. Proper counseling provided to both parents at the right

Why Literatura by Mario Vargas Summury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why Literatura by Mario Vargas Summury - Essay Example In a recent survey organized in Spain, it was revealed that half of that country's population has never read a book.2 Llosa argues that literature is more than just a luxury pastime, but that instead literature is a primary and necessary undertaking of the mind.3 In addition, he basically says that literature is the mode through which humans learn to understand each other. By reading such literary greats as Shakespeare, Cervantes, Dante, and Tolstoy, our lives are enriched because we find that there is an equanimity in such works that transcend prejudice, race, religion, political sectarianism, and exclusivist nationalism.4 Secondly, Llosa says that the works brought forth in literature are a body of knowledge in the life of the learner. "In today's world, this totalizing and living knowledge of a human being may be found only in literature."5 This is knowledge to which everyone can relate. Fiction exists in order to serve a greater purpose besides the other branches of the humanities, such as philosophy, history, the arts, or the social sciences, and that is to "enrich through the imagination the entirety of human life, which cannot be dismembered, disarticulated, or reduced to a series of schemas or formulas without disappearing."6 Literature, Llosa says, is a "link" that establishes dialogue amongst human beings. Llosa notes that Marcel Proust observed that "real life, at last enlightened and revealed, the only life fully lived, is literature."7 What is meant by that is that literature is a shared task, and that because of it our lives are enriched. This enrichment brings us to different realms, tra nsporting us to various eras. Texts allow us to have dreams of our own. As Llosa says, "The feeling of membership in the collective human experience across time and space is the highest achievement of culture, and nothing contributes more to its renewal in every generation than literature."8 A body of literary works form the basis for our humanity. According to Llosa, a community without language suffers: "A community without a written literature expresses itself with less precision, with less richness of nuance, and with less clarity than a community whose principal instrument of communication, the word, has been cultivated and perfected by means of literary texts."9 A world with a lack of literacy assumes communication problems due to "crude and rudimentary language," and worse, there is the idea that the person will not be able to express himself or herself due to a limited vocabulary.10 Worse than that, there is the thought that these people without the language to communicate or the literature to help them do so are at a loss, and therefore are stuck with poverty of thought,11 or a poor imagination. Third, Llosa argues that reading literature is an irreplaceable activity for the formation of citizens in a modern and democratic society. Since "all good literature is radical, and poses radical questions about the world in which we live,"12 one would be hard-pressed not to agree with Llosa on this point. Llosa reminds us that a "free and democratic society must have responsible and critical citizens conscious of the need continuously to examine the world that

Jung and Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious Essay Example for Free

Jung and Freud’s Theory of the Unconscious Essay Jungs theory of the unconscious sprang from the influence of disassociationist psychology, whereby ideas and images tend to combine into complexes that represent a measure of ones personality. Thus, in his 1902 work, Jung theorized that the phenomenon called somnambulism might be an attempt of a future personality to break through. In 1935, Jung posited the existence of the collective unconscious, which represents complexes that exist apart from peoples intentions (Astor, 2002). Freud placed too much emphasis on the aspects of sexual and aggressive drives in his theory of the unconscious (Anzieu, 1986). On the other hand, Jung believed that the human unconscious is motivated by higher drives than these two, such as an inherent desire to seek self-development and religious fulfillment. Moreover, Jung deviated from Freud’s theory of the unconscious by positing that each person has a unique unconscious and that such unconscious may be accessed by a person voluntarily (Anzieu, 1986). Moreover, Jung carried his theory of the unconscious further by theorizing about the collective unconscious, which is composed of a universal set of ideas that belong to the entire human race, which passed from one generation to the next. Thus, Jung believed that a person’s personality is not only influenced by personal factors, but also by cultural influences that help build his personality (The New York Association for Analytical Psychology, 2008). Freud would have treated Mary Jones through his process called psychoanalysis, or simply, the talking-cure. Freud believed that the psychological problems that appear to underlie Mary Jones manifestations could be solved by talking about them. Psychoanalysis consists in the patients narration of his thoughts and feelings to the therapist. Meanwhile, the therapist is supposed to listen carefully to the client, and from the clients narration formulate his analysis and help the client achieve some insight into the unresolved conflicts of the client, which are only embedded in the unconscious (Anzieu, 1986). On the other hand, since Jungian analysis aims to form a strong relationship between the conscious and the unconscious, Jung would not confine the process to a mere discussion of the patients thoughts and feelings. Jung believed that the unconscious is a wellspring of psychic energy and healing; thus, he would utilize images and symbols designed to spontaneously unlock the patients fantasies and dreams. These images help in the exploration of new possibilities and achievement of personal transformation (The New York Association for Analytical Psychology, 2008). Jung places more emphasis n the process that occurs during the therapy sessions, rather than the content of the therapy. Jungian analysis aims to help the patient achieve an understanding and awareness of the unconscious and thereby give relief to the patients symptoms (The New York Association for Analytical Psychology, 2008). The differences in the treatment styles of Jung and Freud illustrate the following differences in their views of the unconscious:

Elies Wiesel And Night :: essays research papers

Elie's Wiesel and Night Do you see that chimney over there? See it? Do you see those flames? Over there- that's where you're going to be taken. That's your grave, over there. Haven't you realize it yet? You dumb bastards, don't you understand anything? You're going to be burned. Frizzed away. Turned into ashes. Night is one of the masterpieces of Holocaust literature. It is the autobiographical account of an adolescent boy and his father in Auschwitz. Elie Wiesel writes of their battle for survival, and with his battle with God for a way to understand the wanton cruelty he witnessed each day. Elie Wiesel was born in a little, quiet town called Sighet, in transylvania where he had lived all of his young life. Quiet until the 1940's, when the city, and eke himself charged for ever, just as Europe, and for that matter the world. One day they expelled all the foreigners of the city, and Wiesels master in the study of cabbala (Jewish mysticism) of a foreigner so he was expelled too. The deportees were soon forgotten, he writes. However a few lines later he explains why this is relevant, and gives the reader an idea of what was going on in the minds of the jews living where he did. He told his story (referring to the expelled Rabbi) and that of his companions. The train full of deportees had crossed the Hungarian frontier and on Polish territory had been taken in charge by the Gestapo. The jews had to get out and climb into lorries. The lorries dove towards a forest. The jews were made to get out. They were made to dig huge graves. And when they had finished their work, the Gestapo began theirs. Without passion, without taste, they slaughtered their

Applied Statistics at Grand Canyon University Essay

1. Which patient scored the highest on the preoperative CVLT Acquisition? What was his or her T score? The 3rd patient scored 63 which is the highest CVLT T-score. 2. Which patient scored the lowest on postoperative CVLT Retrieval? What was this patient’s T score? The 4th patient scored the lowest on the postoperative CVLT Retrieval with a score of 23. 3. Did the patient in Question 2 have more of a memory performance decline than average on the CVLT Retrieval? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes, because he scored 23 and the average is 38.2. 4. What is the mean ( X) and standard deviation (SD) for preoperative T score for CVLT Acquisition? The mean for preoperative T score for CVLT acquisition is 46.35, and the SD is 5.061, calculated using Excel auto sum function. 5. Is the preoperative Retrieval T score for Patient 5 above or below the mean for the norm of the group? Provide a rationale for your answer. The score for patient 5 on preoperative Retrieval T score (52) is above the mean for the norm of the group (47.36). 6. Assuming that the distribution of the preoperative CVLT Retrieval T scores is normal, the middle 68% of the patients had T scores between what two values? 7. Assuming that the distribution of scores for the postoperative CVLT Retrieval T scores is normal, the middle 68% of the patients had T scores between what two values? 8. The researchers state that it appears that the functional integrity of the left temporal lobe, despite evidence of structural abnormality, plays a considerable role when it comes to memory outcomes following left ATL. Can the findings from this study be generalized to a larger population? Provide a rationale for your answer. No, because, according to our source, the sample size is too small to generalize the results for a larger population. 9. If a patient had a raw score = 30, what would his/her postoperative CVLT Retrieval T score be? Tscore=10X/SD+(50-10Xo/SD) Tscore=10(30)/1.414+(50-10(39.294))/1.414 Tscore=-15.729 10. Did patients demonstrate more postoperative memory declines among CVLT Retrieval T scores than CVLT Acquisition T scores? Provide a rationale for your answer No, the number of declines in both postoperative categories is the same(13).

Division and Classification Essay

â€Å"Your Future Is In Your Hands! † A term that many of us know. That saying is true and accurate when it comes to deciding on going back to school. â€Å"Should I go back to school? † A question that tons of people are asking themselves. It is a question that only they, themselves can answer. But there are many benefits of furthering your education. A sense of accomplishment is one of the many reasons people choose to go back. Self accomplishment is a gratifying feeling for most people. Yet many people struggle with the decision of going or not going. People with a higher education tend not only to get the better jobs but the higher paying ones as well. Who wouldn’t want a better, higher paying job? The better paying jobs seem to be the ones everyone is after. Nowadays in order to get those jobs, you need some sort of higher education. The economy can affect your choice in furthering your education. If the economy is not good your chances of going back to school are much better than getting a job, or in some situations, keeping your job. You can further your education and have a better chance of getting a better more satisfying job. Lots if jobs encourage a higher education and are willing to help an employee obtain it. They are willing to work with you by arranging your schedule, being flexible, and in some cases the employer even pays for the schooling. It is a great way to advance within your company. Who wouldn’t want to climb the corporate ladder? Personal satisfaction is a great benefit. Saying, â€Å"I have a college degree or certificate,† is very self-satisfying. It is a pleasing feeling to be satisfied and happy in your life. Many people learn to handle the pressure of deadlines and commitment along with learning social skills. Students learn to socialize with many different types of people, that vary in age. They learn to get along with people they normally would not get along with. People that they may never had met if it weren’t for going to school. Commitment is not always an easy thing to do. Who wants to take the time not only to attend school but pay for it and not totally commit themselves? Not many people. You invest your time, money, and self and you are committed. Your going to succeed. Self-confidence, another benefit, is something many people lack. Going back to school can make one feel good about themselves. The projects, the oral exams and practical exams that are part of college help people build confidence in themselves. Once you accomplish your project, whatever it may be, you will succeed and feel good about it when it’s done. Furthering your education can set a good example for your children, friends and family. They will see you making the choice to further or continue your education and in most cases will do the same. When you pass up playing a video game or watching television because you have homework to do, they will be more likely to do the same. It teaches them responsibility, commitment, time-management, and how to be goal oriented and how to set their priorities, among other things. Education may be a necessity for some and a true passion for others. There are many of opportunities as well as choices when it comes to furthering ones education. It is truly possible for anyone to further their education if they want to. It is never too late to go back to school. There are many benefits of continuing or furthering your education. Though there are quite a few benefits listed here, there are many more. You have to choose the one or ones that are right for you.

How to Sort Records in Delphi DBGrid by Column Title

How to Sort Records in Delphi DBGrid by Column Title Delphi DBGrid is such a powerful component that youre probably using it every day if youre developing data-aware applications. Below, well take a look at how to add some more features to your database applications that your users are sure to love. Following the concepts described in the Beginners Guide to Delphi Database Programming, the examples below use ADO components (AdoQuery/AdoTable connected to ADOConnection, DBGrid connected to AdoQuery over DataSource) to display the records from a database table in a DBGrid component. All the component names were left as Delphi named them when dropped on the form (DBGrid1, ADOQuery1, AdoTable1, etc.). Mouse Moves Over DBGrid Title Area First, lets see how to change the mouse pointer while it moves over the DBGrid title area. All you have to do is add the code to the OnMouseMove event for the DBGrid component. The code below simply uses the MouseCoord property of the DBGrid component to calculate where the mouse pointer is. If its over the DGBrid title area, the pt.y equals 0, which is the first row in the DBGrid (the title area displaying column/field titles). procedure TForm1.DBGrid1MouseMove (Sender: TObject; Shift: TShiftState; X, Y: Integer);var pt: TGridcoord;begin pt: DBGrid1.MouseCoord(x, y); if pt.y0 then DBGrid1.Cursor:crHandPoint else DBGrid1.Cursor:crDefault;end; Sort on Column Click and Change the Column Title Font If youre using the ADO approach to Delphi database development, and want to sort the records in the dataset, you need to set the Sort property of your AdoDataset (ADOQuery, AdoTable). The Sort property is the widestring value indicating the ORDER BY part of the standard SQL query. Of course, you do not need to write the SQL query to be able to use the Sort property. Simply set the Sort property to the name of a single field or to a comma-separated list of fields, each following the sort order. Heres an example: ADOTable1.Sort : Year DESC, ArticleDate ASC The OnTitleClick event of the DBGrid component has a Column parameter indicating the Column the user has clicked on. Each Column (object of type TColumn) has a Field property indicating the Field (TField) represented by the Column, and the Field in its FieldName property holds the name of the field in the underlying dataset. Therefore, to sort an ADO dataset by field/column, a simple line can be used: with TCustomADODataSet(DBGrid1.DataSource.DataSet) doSort : Column.Field.FieldName; // ASC or DESC Below is the code for the OnTitleClick even handler that sorts the records by column click. The code, as always, extends the idea. First, we want to, in some way, mark the column thats currently used for sort order. Next, if we click on a column title and the dataset is already sorted by that column, we want to change the sort order from ASC (ascending) to DESC (descending), and vice versa. Finally, when we sort the dataset by another column, we want to remove the mark from the previously selected column. For the sake of simplicity, to mark the column that sorts the records, well simply change the font style of the column title to Bold, and remove it when dataset is sorted using another column. procedure TForm1.DBGrid1TitleClick(Column: TColumn);{$J}const PreviousColumnIndex : integer -1;{$J-}beginif DBGrid1.DataSource.DataSet is TCustomADODataSet thenwith TCustomADODataSet(DBGrid1.DataSource.DataSet) dobegintry DBGrid1.Columns[PreviousColumnIndex].title.Font.Style : DBGrid1.Columns[PreviousColumnIndex].title.Font.Style - [fsBold]; exceptend; Column.title.Font.Style : Column.title.Font.Style [fsBold]; PreviousColumnIndex : Column.Index; if (Pos(Column.Field.FieldName, Sort) 1) and (Pos( DESC, Sort) 0) then Sort : Column.Field.FieldName DESC else Sort : Column.Field.FieldName ASC; end;end; The above code uses typed constants to preserve the value of the previously selected column for sort order.

Organisational Culture of the Grameen Bank Coursework

Organisational Culture of the Grameen Bank - Coursework Example Grameen Bank is one of such banks which stand apart from any other banks, not just for its banking service, but also for the service it provides to the nation. Muhammad Yunus is the person who is to be credited for coming up with such a unique concept of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh that started in the year of 1976. He believed that credit is a human right, and everyone should be allowed to receive the facility of loans and just for the reason, an individual is poor he or she should not be deprived of getting credit facility from the banks (PBS, 2011). He prepared a methodology and institution focused on the circumstances and needs of the people who are very poor. The government of Bangladesh took an initiative of changing this project into an independent bank through the help of government legislation in the year 1983 (Grameen Bank, 2011). Mohammad Yunus was rewarded with Noble Prize in the year 2006 for his effort of struggling against the poverty by enabling poor people with credit facility through the medium of Grameen Bank. This was a noble cause indeed, as no individual has ever thought of coming up with ideas for poor people. Grameen Bank has achieved quite a success in alleviating poverty from the country, Bangladesh, over the past decades. Unlike others, he thought that Charity is not a right initiative towards solving poverty, so the Grameen Bank was formed. The Grameen Bank has adopted certain initiatives for encouraging the poor to use their under or unutilized skills by providing them with small collateral-free loans. The Grameen Bank has been successful in incorporating group-based lendings, obligatory savings and insurance systems, facility of repayment rescheduling in the time of disasters, and encouraging similar other schemes that have proved to be effective in minimizing both material and behavioral risks of lending (Khandker, 1996). Grameen Bank has been well-organized in terms of designing its programmes, most of which were for the betterment of the poor people and female members. One of the reasons behind its success as a rural financial intermediary is its subsidy dependency. It is renowned for its reliability even outside Bangladesh and its impact on the poor and the women is incredible. Its mission stands as to help the poor families along with special attention upon female members to overcome poverty, by themselves. It is entirely targeted to the poor, mainly towards poor women, empowering poor female members has become their one of the main motives (Grameen Bank, 2011). The culture of the organization mostly emphasizes on empowering the poor women. It is believed that if the lady of the house is empowered, the house itself is empowered. They provide various supports and initiatives in encouraging the women to earn their livelihood through microfinance. This paper deals with the organizational culture of the Grameen Bank with regards to microfinance and impact of those initiatives on the women (Strong, 2007). Organ isational Culture Organisational culture is a process of shared beliefs, values, assumptions, and customs of the members of an organization. In general terms, it can be said that it is the reflection of the working environment and members’ perceptions towards the organization.

Genetic experimentation and development Research Paper - 3

Genetic experimentation and development - Research Paper Example The gene treatment has spared the family from a $60,000 annual bill for essential medication treatment without the gene treatment or therapy. As of late, sixteen coronary illness patients, who were truly waiting for death, got an answer through duplicates or copies of a gene that triggers vein development and growth by infusion direct into the heart. By developing fresh vessels around obstructed arteries, each of the sixteen patients’ demonstrated change and six were totally rid of agony. (Bohlin, n.d.) But this therapies were only used as a last resort, when all else failed. The most important question here is what about when genetic engineering is used other than life-threatening situations. For example, when it is used, by parents who can afford them, to genetically enhance the intelligence of their children or the physique of the person is changed according to his or her liking; thus, initiating a chaotic situation in our elite classes who may start a war to create the gen etically ‘perfect’ human beings. Thus the prospect of any equality between human beings would be eliminated altogether just because e.g. their parents were not able to afford a genetically enhanced mind. Coming towards the stem cell research, it has a lot of potential. A stem cell is a cell that can make precise duplicates of itself for an indefinite period of time. This cell can produce special cells for different tissues in the human body, for example, cerebrum tissue, heart muscle and liver tissue etc. These cells could be spared and utilized later to produce special cells, when required. (University of Maryland Medical Center, n.d.) But this is usually seen as a way of human cloning. But it has greater potential than that, for example, growing broken teeth or ruptured arteries or veins. The main question hair is that should genetic engineering be allowed for further development? Yes, it

Management accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Management accounting - Essay Example A higher actual purchase cost is depicted by the adverse material price variance. The prices of raw materials may have increased in the overall market. Moreover, this may be due to inefficient buying by the company. The procurement staff may have ordered the materials in small quantities that did not attract any discount. The material usage variance also is unfavorable. The materials purchased may have been of a lower quality than the standard. In addition, the company may have employed unskilled labor. The favorable labor rate variance affirms that the company may have employed un-skilled labor. In addition, the overall wage rates in the industry could have increased. Ultimately, it may have resulted due to poor planning by the management of Geeta. In contrast, the labor efficiency variance is unfavorable. It may be because of the company hiring un-skilled labor than the standard. Increased cost of services used may have made the variable overhead expenditure variance unfavorable. A rise in the statutory minimum wage rate may be a possible cause of the adverse variance. The adverse variable overhead variance is a result of more time used in the manufacturing process than the standard time. In addition, it could have resulted due to use of cheaper materials, use of unskilled labor and decline in the efficiency of machines used. Variances are interrelated when one is unfavorable while the other is favorable. This is demonstrated in the labor variances. The favorable labor rate variance indicates that the company may have employed unskilled labor, which resulted in unfavorable labor efficiency variance. Costing systems help a company to determine the relevant cost of a product. The traditional costing and activity based costing are the two common costing systems used. Activity based costing is a replacement to the traditional costing method. It divides production into major activities and then assigns costs to the activities based on the

Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Speech - Essay Example The avialability of a male figure in the family is important for the complete development of the children. In a family, the father offers a sense of security to both the children and a mother (Rosenberg & Wilcox, 2006). He assumes the responsibility of assuring everyone in the family that no matter what everything will be okay. According to a report by Children’s Bureau, emphasize fathers provide a sense of physical and economic security that helps in healthy development of the children. He gives a sense of peace to the mother who knows she has someone she can rely on to love and protect her (Vacca, 2013). According to research, families without fathers are likely to suffer economically compared to families with fathers. It implies fathers are important for the economic status of families. In addition, fathers are key factors in the cognitive development of their children. I am certain that those who had a chance to be taught how to read, write or ride a bike by their dads still remember those moments with nostalgia (Strauss, 2014). The presence of a caring father will always be a source of immense of happiness and peace of mind for the whole family. In conclusion, fathers are critical to family stability and healthy development of children. Fathers offer the basic sense of security to the mother and children. They are the male figures for developing children. The presence of fathers at the home is a necessity that we cannot afford to overlook. Vacca, J. J. (2013). The Parenting Process from the Fathers Perspective: Analysis of Perceptions of Fathers about Raising Their Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Best Practice in Mental Health, 9(2),

Effects of donepezil in healthy young adults

Effects of donepezil in healthy young adults Rationale: The cholinergic system is involved in the modulation of both bottom-up and top-down attentional control. Top-down attention engages multiple executive control processes, but few studies have investigated whether all or selective elements of executive functions are modulated by the cholinergic system.. Objective: To investigate the acute effects of the pro-cholinergic donepezil in young, healthy volunteers on distinct components of executive functions. Methods: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent groups design study including 42 young healthy male participants who were randomly assigned to one of three oral treatments: glucose (placebo), donepezil 5 mg or donepezil 7.5 mg. The test battery included measures of different executive components (shifting, updating, inhibition, dual-task performance, planning, access to long-term memory), tasks that evaluated arousal/vigilance/visuomotor performance, as well as functioning of working memory subsidiary sy stems. Results: Donepezil improved sustained attention, reaction times, dual-task performance and the executive component of digit span. The positive effects in these executive tasks did not correlate with other attentional arousal/visuomotor/vigilance measures. Conclusions: Among the various executive domains investigated donepezil selectively increased dual-task performance in a manner that could not be ascribed to improvement in arousal/vigilance/visuomotor performance nor working memory slave systems. Other executive tasks that rely heavily on visuospatial processing may also be modulated by the cholinergic system. Cholinergic manipulations consistently alter sensory-driven, bottom-up attention but their effects on top-down, controlled processing have been less explored (e.g. Furey et al. 2008b; Hasselmo and Stern 2006; Sarter et al. 2001; Thomas et al. 2008), specially as pertains executive functioning. Executive-type processing comprises a wide range of cognitive processes that have a role in the control of action and are considered a function of the central executive in the multiple component model of working memory (see Baddeley 2007, p. 11; Repovs and Baddeley 2006). In the latest version of this model the central executive is responsible for manipulating information contained in subsidiary slave components that store information of different modalities for short periods of time, as well as information activated from long-term memory (Baddeley 2007; Repovs and Baddeley 2006). Today, executive processing is considered a multiple construct, consisting of different cognitive domains or components that, despite being correlated, are dissociable (Collette et al. 2006; Fisk and Sharp 2004; Friedman et al. 2006; Mantyla et al. 2007; Rabbitt 1997; Smith and Jonides 1999). Miyake (2000), in their influential paper on the diversity of executive functions, showed the dissociability of four postulated executive functions: updating, or modification of the content of working memory by deleting no longer relevant information and incorporating more relevant data (Miyake et al. 2000; Shimamura 2000); inhibition, the ability to inhibit distracting information when selecting relevant information, or to attend selectively to one stream of information while discarding others (Baddeley 1996a; Kane and Engle 2000); shifting, the ability to suppress response strategies when shifting between different tasks (Miyake et al. 2000; Monsell 2003); and dual- task performance, the abili ty to perform in parallel two tasks that rely on different cognitive systems (see Baddeley et al. 1997; Logie and Della Sala 2001). Other types of executive processes that were not evaluated by Miyake (2000) have been suggested as separate cognitive entities. One of these is planning, the ability to organize behavior in relation to a specific goal (Owen 1997; Shallice 1982), and the other is the efficiency of access to long-term memory (Baddeley 1996b, 1998; Fisk and Sharp 2004). Acute administration of anticholinergic drugs has been shown to impair executive functions by many authors (Curran et al. 1991; Green et al. 2005; Rusted and Eaton-Williams 1991; Rusted 1988; Rusted et al. 1991; Rusted and Warburton 1988) but in these publications usually only one executive test was used, mostly with unknown loading on the different executive components discussed previously. These finding are therefore not comprehensive in examining the executive domains that are affected by cholinergic manipulations. Aside from studying anticholinergic effects in different executive components, in order to demonstrate that the cholinergic system is in fact directly responsible for executive effects it would be important to show that drugs which increase the availability of acetylcholine, or pro-cholinergics, have the opposite effects. To this end, we studied the modulatory role of the cholinergic system on the 6 different types of executive processes outlined above by investigating dose-dependent effects of acute oral doses (5 and 7.5 mg) of donepezil, a potent, specific, non-competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (Jann et al. 2002; Shigeta and Homma 2001) that increases the availability of acethylcholine. We administered acute doses to young healthy volunteers because neurologic/psychiatric disorders and aging (Gron et al. 2005), as well as chronic use (Poirier 2002; Tsukada et al. 2004), alter the status of the cholinergic system. To assess executive functioning we employed tests that have been shown to reflect each of these 6 separable processes. To evaluate updating, inhibition and switching we used tasks described by Miyake (2000) that showed high loading in the confirmatory factor analysis performed by these authors in each of these executive components. For dual-task performance we employed a standardized paradigm (Baddeley et al. 1997; Della Sala et al. 1995; Greene et al. 1995). For evaluating access to long-term memory we used word generation tasks (see Fisk et al. 2004), and for planning we selected the ecological Zoo Map Test (Wilson et al. 1996). We also evaluated arousal and sustained attention/vigilance changes that could interfere with executive measurements, in addition to performance on other working memory subsidiary components (see Baddeley 2007; Repovs and Baddeley 2006) that store visuospatial data (visuospatial sketchpad), phonological information (phonological loop), and integrated inform ation from different modalities, including activated long-term memory (episodic buffer). MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants: participants were 42 healthy native Portuguese speaking volunteers (aged 18 to 35) with body mass index between 20 and 25, with at least 12 years of schooling. They were non-smokers, in good physical and mental health as determined by medical history, scored within normal ranges in the Beck Depression Inventory and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Gorenstein and Andrade 1996), and were on no psychotropic medication at the time of the study. Procedure: this was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, independent group-design study in which participants were randomly allocated to three acute oral treatments formulated in identical capsules (14 subjects each): placebo (glucose), donepezil 5 mg and donepezil 7.5 mg. The Ethics Committee of the institution (Universidade Federal de Sà £o Paulo UNIFESP) approved the study protocol (project no. 0335/07) which was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All subjects provided written informed consent and their IQ was estimated using the Ravens Progressive Matrices (Raven et al. 1988). On the day of the experiment participants were required to have a light breakfast after which they receive treatments. They were submitted to a test battery (see below) at 210 min. after treatments (close to peak-plasma concentration of donepezil: Jann et al. 2002) that lasted 1.5 h. with no prior training to insure that executive processing was involved (see Rabbitt 1997 ). Tests were presented in 4 randomly assigned orders, balanced between treatments. Test Battery Executive tasks Plus-minus task (Miyake et al. 2000): a measure of shifting that consisted of three lists of 30 two-digit numbers (the numbers 10-99 pre-randomized without replacement) on a single sheet of paper. On the first list, the participants were instructed to add 3 to each number and write down their answers. On the second list, they were instructed to subtract 3 from each number. Finally, on the third list, the participants were required to alternate between adding and subtracting 3 (i.e., add 3 to the first number, subtract 3 from the second number, and so on). List completion times, omission and comission errors were determined. The cost of shifting between the operations of addition and subtraction was then calculated as the difference between the time to complete the alternating list and the average times to complete the addition and subtraction lists. All the lists were performed under articulatory suppression (uttering the letter T) to prevent the use o phonological stratergies while the task was performed. Letter memory task (Miyake et al. 2000): a measure of updating in which several letters from a list were presented serially for 2000 ms per letter. The task was to recall the last 4 letters presented in the list. To ensure that the task involved continuous updating, the instructions required that participants rehearse out loud the last 4 letters by mentally adding the most recent letter and dropping the 5th letter back. For example, if the letters presented were T, H, G, B, S the participants should say, T . . . TH . . . THG . . . THGB . . . HGBS and answer HGBS at the end of the trial. The number of letters presented (5, 7, 9, or 11) varied randomly across trials to ensure that participants would continuously update their working memory representations until the end of each trial. After practicing on 2 trials with 5 and 7 letters, participants performed 12 trials for a total of 48 letters recalled, which took approximately 12 minutes. The dependent measure was the proportion of let ters recalled correctly in the right serial order. Stroop task (Stroop 1935): a test of inhibition that consists of a Word Colored Page, with common words printed in colors, and a Color-Word Page with names of colors printed in incongruent colors. The examinee must name the ink colors as quickly as possible. For each list the test yields two scores, the number of errors and the time necessary to complete the task. In addition, scores from the word colored page (which measures naming speed) are subtracted from those of the color-word page (naming with inhibition) to yield a score of the extra time needed for overriding the inconcruency of word name versus ink-color name. Dual-task paradigm (Baddeley 1997; Della Sala et al. 1995): evaluates dual-task performance. This is a paper and pencil test which involves a visuospatial tacking task (circle crossing) and a phonological/verbal one (digit span). The digit span task consists of the 90 sec. long repetition of digit sequences presented orally which the subject had to repeat in the proper order. Lists of increasing number of digits are read aloud at the rate of one digit per second and the participants are asked to repeat them in their order of presentation (forward digit span, which measures phonological loop functioning). Participants digit span was taken to be the maximum length at which subjects repeated correctly 5 of 6 sequences of digits. Spans or scores were the number of digits contained in the last sequence repeated correctly. The circle crossing task consists of traversing with an X a chain of 240 circles linked with arrows to form a path laid out on an A3-sized sheet of paper, which was pra cticed with a 240 circles path. Subjects are required to cross-out the circles as rapidly as possible for a period of 90 sec. The dual-task condition consists of the simultaneous execution of both tasks within a 90 sec period. To quantify participants performance we used the measure proposed by Baddeley et al. (1997), the mu index which expressed the overall percentage loss in the dual-tasks in relation to single tasks considering the contributions of both tasks to be of equal weight: mu = [1- (pm + pt)/2] x 100, where pm and pt were, respectively, the proportional phonological loss and visuospatial loss in the performance in the dual-task condition in relation to the single-task condition; pm equaled the number of correctly repeated digit sequences for the single-task (ps), and for the dual-task (pd), both divided by the total o sequences remembered (pm = ps pd); pt equalled the number of traversed circles for the single-task (ts) minus those traversed in the dual-task (td), divid ed by ts [pt = (ts td)/ts]. Zoo Map Test (Wilson et al. 1996): a task that measures planning abilities from the ecological Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome test battery (BADS). Participants are given a map of a zoo and a set of instructions relating to places they have to visit (e.g. elephant house, lion cage) and rules they must stick to (e.g. starting at the entrance and finishing at a designated picnic area, using designated paths in the zoo just once). There are two trials with identical aims that involve a visit to six out of the 12 possible locations. The first trial consists of a high demand version in which the planning abilities of the participants are rigorously tested. In the second, or low demand version, the participant is simply required to follow some instructions to reach specific locations. Scoring was based on the total number of errors in the high and low demand tasks, as well as the difference in time to conduct the high and low demand tasks [i.e. planning/thinking time a nd execution (drawing time) of the route in the high demand trials minus the drawing time in the low demand task (Allain et al. 2005)]. Word and letter fluency (Lezak 2004): to test access to long-term memory participants were told to orally generate as many words as possible that belonged to a given category and that began with a given letter in 2 minutes each. The participants were instructed not to use proper nouns or morphological variations of words and to void repetitions. Scores were the total number of words generated and errors. Executive digit span (modified from Della Sala et al. 1995): this task was the same as the digit span described above in the dual-task performance except that participants had to repeat the sequences backwards (backwards digit span). Spans or scores were the number of digits contained in the last sequence repeated correctly. A delta score (backward minus forward digit span) was also calculated because participants capacity to recall items backwards depends on their forward span. Other working memory test Corsi block test [computerized version based on Miyake et al. (2001)]: participants were shown a set of blocks (drawn as white boxes) and asked to remember the order in which they were tapped (shown as changing color). One box at a time turns black for 650 ms each, a duration short enough to discourage the use of idiosyncratic coding strategies. Five similar but different configurations of blocks were used in each trial to discourage participants from using numerical coding of box locations. Immediately after a sequence of taps, participants repeated the order (Corsi Block task direct, a measure of the visuospatial sketchpad) by clicking on the boxes with the mouse. Once the sequence of flashing boxes was completed, they had unlimited time to respond. There was a practice trial with two taps each, after which the sequences progresses in length from three to 10 taps or until the participants made two mistakes with a sequence of the same number of taps. Scores were the largest number of blocks recalled in the right sequence. The same procedure was conducted at the end of this task, except that subjects were asked to remember the taps in the inverse order (Backwards Corsi Block task, a general measure of executive functioning). Delta scores as calculated for digit span were also computed. Counting span [Conway et al. (2005) in the version designed for adults by Engle et al. (1999)]: a task of working memory capacity that evaluates storage in the episodic buffer component of working memory (see Baddeley 2007). Participants were presented with displays on screen which consisted of a random arrangement of three to nine dark blue circles, one to nine dark blue squares, and one to five light blue circles. The participants task was to count and remember, in the right serial order, the total number of dark blue circles presented in consecutive displays which varied randomly in number from 2 to 6 (3 sequences each). Scores were the number of correct sequences retrieved. Arousal/vigilance/visuomotor performance measures Psychomotor Vigilance Test (Dinges and Powell 1985): a portable device (Model PVT-192, CWE, Inc, Ardmore, PA) was used. The task consists of responding by button press to a small, bright red-light stimulus (light-emitting diode digital counter) as soon as it appears. Consecutive stimuli appear randomly in the range of 2 to 10 s for 5 minutes, resulting in 30-45 reaction time (RT) measures, depending on RT latency (Roach et al. 2006). Participants are instructed to press the button as soon as they see the stimulus, but not to press the button too soon (which yields false-start warnings on the display). Each subject was allowed a single 1-minute acclimation practice before the task commenced. Scores were mean total reaction time (RT), mean 10% fastest and slowest reaction times (Mean F RT and Mean S RT), all of which indicate arousal/psychomotor performance (Lim and Dinges 2008) and measures that indicate better sustained attention/vigilance (Lim and Dinges 2008), the percent change i n RT throughout the test (% change) and slope reaction time (negative numbers indicate slowing from the beginning to the end of the test). Statistical analysis To compare treatment groups we employed one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with treatment as factor (3 levels: placebo, donepezil 5 mg and donepezil 7.5 mg) followed by post hoc Tukey HSD tests when appropriate. The level of significance adopted was pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤0.05. Only measures that elicited significant drug effects are reported below. Magnitude of effects on the executive measures was determined through effect size calculations (Cohen d, Cohen 1988) as proposed by Snyder et al. (2005) and Fredrickson et al. (2008). In addition we calculated the Pearson Product Moment correlation between changes in arousal/vigilance measured by the PVT and the variables that showed significant effects. RESULTS Comparability of treatment groups The ANOVAs showed the comparability of participants in the three treatment groups in terms of age, body mass index and estimated intelligence measured by Ravens Progressive Matrices (ps>0.27), so performance differences between treatments could not be accounted for by these characteristics. Treatment effects (Table 1) Data on PVT task of one subject in the placebo group and data on fluency test of one subject in the placebo group and of two subjects in donepezil 7.5 mg group were lost due to technical problems with the equipments. The ANOVAs showed PVT treatment effects for the minimum reaction time (F2,38=4.42, p [Table 1 and Figure 1 near here] Magnitude of effects Effect sizes (see Table 1) comparing placebo and 7.5 mg of donepezil were large (pà ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥0.8, see Cohen 1988; Sloan et al. 2005) for most of the PVT measures, as well as the delta score of the digit span. The remaining comparisons between these groups yielded medium effect sizes (between 0.5 and 0.8), that together with large effect sizes are considered meaningful differences (Cohen 1988; Sloan et al. 2005), and included the dual-task measure. Correlations between executive and other general attentional measures In order to determine whether arousal/vigilance/visuomotor changes were responsible for the observed executive effects, we calculated Pearson Product Moment correlations between the PVT measures and the executive measures that showed significant effects of donepezil (mu dual-task index and delta scores of the digit span). Correlation values were small and non-significant (all ps>0.05 and rs between -0.22 and 0.17). 5. Sample sizes In order to show that the sample size was adequate for this set of data we calculated the number of individuals necessary to show significant differences between placebo and the donepezil dose that showed significant differences in relation to placebo (7.5 mg). To do so we used the calculations proposed by Rosner (1999) [with an ÃŽÂ ± of 0.05 and 80% power]. This takes into account the mean values of the groups under comparison and their common standard deviation. We carried out these calculations considering one-sided differences since our hypothesis was that donepezil would increase performance (see table 1). DISCUSSION In the present study we completed a comprehensive examination of the potential capacity of a pro-cholinergic drug to improve executive functions in healthy young adults exploring diverse processes associated with executive tasks. Our findings extend previous reports on the acute nootropic potential of this drug in young, healthy volunteers (Hutchison et al. 2001; Thompson et al. 2000; Zaninotto et al. 2009). More specifically, an acute 7.5 mg dose of donepezil improved arousal/vigilance/visuomotor measures in addition to increasing performance especifically in the executive dual-task domain. An increment in delta digit span was also observed, a task that has unknown loading on the 6 executive components studies here. A role for acetylcholine in modulating executive function is consistent with earlier work reporting impairment after acute doses of the antimuscarinic scopolamine (Ellis et al. 2006; Green et al. 2005; Rusted et al. 1991a; Rusted 1988; Rusted and Warburton 1988; Thomas et al. 2008). However, in the present study we found this effect to be highly selective within the broad battery of executive domains. Only the dual-task domain measure was sensitive to the effects of donepezil while this drug left the remaining 5 tested executive domains unchanged. These evidences suggests cholinergic enhancement in the coordination of two tasks that rely on different cognitive systems, possibly due to activation of cortical cholinergic inputs which facilitate cognitive processes by increasing filtering of noise and distractors, which are necessary under taxing attentional conditions (Sarter et al. 2001). The magnitude of these positive changes reflected medium effect sizes which are treated as clinically meaningful (e.g. see Sloan et al. 2005) and that should be considered in light of the fact that the participants had optimum baseline performance having been young, highly educated, physically and mentally healthy, not deprived of sleep, food or otherwise compromised. The present result was not mediated by increases in speed of information processing, improvement in performance that relies in subsidiary working memory systems, nor task demands, as discussed below. This (see Logie and Della Sala 2001) lends support to the idea that the cholinergic system is involved in the executive process that coordinates different specialized functions when considered together with previous reports of scopolamine induced impairment of dual-task performance (Rusted and Warburton 1988). It is also noteworthy that patients with Alzheimer ´s disease, which is in part characterized by cholinergic deficiency (Everitt and Robbins 1997), display particular problems in dual-task in comparison with single-task performance using the same (Baddeley et al. 1991; Greene et al. 1995; Kaschel et al. 2009) and different (MacPherson et al. 2007, see also Logie and Della Sala 2001) dual-task paradigms. Hence, we here obtained a pharmacological dissociation that confirms behaviou ral data suggesting the separability of dual-task coordination from other executive domains (e.g., Baddeley 1996b; Baddeley and Della Sala 1996; Bourke et al. 1996; Bourke 1997; Miyake et al. 2000; see also de Ribaupierre and Ludwig 2003). It could be argued that this was solely due to the lack of power of the study. Sample size calculations taking into account data from the placebo and donepezil 7.5 mg groups showed that the number of participants necessary for the obtention of statistical effects in the measures that were statistically significant here were close to that used in this study. However, the number of individuals in each group had to be larger than 66 to show significant effects in the remaining executive domains (Table 1). To our knowledge no study in this field of research has ever used such a large sample size. Hence, we believe that dual-task performance, among the executive domains investigated here, is particularly sensitive to improvement by increases in acetylcholine levels. On measures of general attention, donepezil improved (significantly with large effect sizes) sustained attention, arousal and visuomotor performance in the PVT, cognitive functioning measures that have been previously shown to be affected by cholinergic manipulations (Furey et al. 2000, 2008a; Meinke et al. 2006). These changes could in themselves have led to better executive performance, but this seems unlikely in the present case because better overall attention would not have benefited only this single executive component. In addition, no significant correlation was found between these general attentional scores and those of the executive tasks that were enhanced by donepezil, and r values were small. The changes in executive functioning found here could also not be ascribed to improvement in the subsidiary working memory systems which were unchanged by donepezil, in accordance with previous lack of effects with other acute cholinergic manipulations of the articulatory loop and visuospatial sketchpad (see Mintzer and Griffiths 2007; Rusted 1988; Zaninotto et al. 2009), as well as the episodic buffer (see Zaninotto et al. 2009). These changes could also not be attributed to task difficulty, as the letter memory task was at least as demanding as the dual-task. This latter task involved continuous updating of information of letter sequences, some of which extended way beyond subjects spans, for approximately 12 minutes, and showed no treatment effect. Performance in this task was unchanged by donepezil administration, but a similar n-back updating task has been shown to be impaired by acute doses of scopolamine (Green et al. 2005). In the latter case, though, the n-back task relied h eavily on visuospatial perception and processing, which seem particularly sensitive to cholinergic manipulations (Ellis and Nathan 2001; Thomas et al. 2008; Zaninotto et al. 2009). In retrospect we noted that none of the executive tasks used here made specific demands on this type of processing, neither did the executive inhibition task employed by Mintzer and Griffiths (2007), which was unaltered by acute scopolamine administration. In effect, Thomas (2008) suggested that visuomotor and working memory processes that subserve visuospatial executive function are specifically dependent on cholinergic neurotransmission. Hence, enhancement of cholinergic activity could cause specific top-down optimization of visuospatial input processing which could lead to improved executive visuospatial performance, especially if the extensive involvement of executive functions with visuospatial short-term memory is taken into account (see Miyake et al. 2001). Based on this suggestion it may be hypothesized that the improvement in the delta digit span measure obtained here (high effect size) and in a recent donepezil study (Zaninotto et al. 2009), as well as impairment after anticholinegic drugs (Guthrie et al. 2000) reflect effects of cholinergic manipulations because backward digit span seems to involves activation of occipital visual cortical areas (more so than the forward version of this test) in addition to prefrontal ones (see Sun et al. 2005). Therefore, a conjunction of executive attention and facilitated visual processing by donepezil may have led to the increase in performance in this task. Although we found cholinergic effects it is not possible to determine whether the present finding are due to the activation of nicotinic or muscarinic receptors because donepezil increases the amount of acetylcholine that can activate all acetylcholine receptors. Both types of receptors have been found to interact functionally, having synergistic effects particularly on visuospatial attention (Greenwood et al. 2009), working memory, and vigilance tasks (see Ellis et al. 2006; Erskine et al. 2004) so our data may reflect the effects of their combined activation. In sum, acute oral administration of 7.5 mg of donepezil to young, healthy volunteers had a selective positive effect in executive dual-task performance that was seemingly independent of the donepezil-induced improvement on broad attentional processes (arousal/visuomotor/vigilance) and working memory slave systems, corroborating the proposal that this type of executive processing constitutes a separable cognitive construct. In addition, improvement in the digit span delta scores points to the role of cholinergic modulation on other central executive measures, possibly those that rely more heavily in visuospatial processing.

Layout Design :: essays research papers

Deciding Layouts Deciding the layout is a very important step in Java GUI programming, just like solving an algorithm in normal programming. Layout decides how the components like labels, buttons, text fields etc are going to be displayed on a frame or window. Some GUI can be designed using single panel with a single simple layout. Some GUI need to be broken down into smaller panels which have to be added to an outer panel. Each smaller panel can have its own layout. The simplest layout is the flow layout. Flow layout produces output as a single row. So go for flow layout if you have only 3 or lesser components or if you want all the components in a single row. Next is grid layout. As long as you can determine the rows and columns, you can use this layout. It is possible to use grid layout for most of the applications which you want to develop with a single panel. You can always use filler labels to occupy the empty spaces. So grid layout works fine in such cases. But if you want to have a very neat GUI with very good layout, you need to go for more than 1 panel. In that case, grid, flow, and border are all used together. The development of a GUI depends on the type of problem. There are 2 types of GUI problems: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problems which just specify that you need to do certain things. In this case, the layout of GUI is totally in your hands. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Problems where you are given a rough drawing on how GUI needs to look. Type 1: In case 1, you need to start with a paper and pencil. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read the problem and identify what needs to be displayed to the user -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depending on that, draw a simple diagram on how you want your GUI to look -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Then start deciding on the layout For example, consider the problem below: Write a GUI java program that takes 2 numbers from the user, adds them, and displays the sum. Solution: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For this, you need 2 text fields to read 2 inputs. 2 labels to tell what to enter in the text fields. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 button to initiate calculation. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 text field to display result, and 1 label to address the text field. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rough diagram will be 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the above diagram, if you are going to use a single panel, then grid layout is the best choice. To decide the layout, dissect the diagram as shown below.